The lymphatic system is a key part of the immune system, composed of a network of vessels and lymph nodes that help protect the body from infection and disease. These nodes act as filters, trapping foreign and potentially dangerous particles, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells.
What is the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system is made up of lymphatic vessels that, instead of carrying blood, carry a clear fluid called lymph. This fluid contains white blood cells (lymphocytes) that are essential in defending the body against infections and other diseases. Lymph moves through the body, filtering through lymph nodes that capture pathogens.
Without the lymphatic system, the body would not be able to fight infections or eliminate toxins effectively. This system is also responsible for draining excess fluid from the tissues and returning it to the bloodstream, playing a crucial role in fluid balance.
What are lymph nodes?
On lymph nodes They are small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body, usually grouped in areas such as the neck, armpits, abdomen and groin. Their main function is to filter lymph and capture any foreign agents that may be circulating, such as bacteria, viruses or even cancer cells.
In addition, lymph nodes can become enlarged and painful when they are called into action to filter out pathogens, which often occurs during infections. Doctors use swollen lymph nodes as a signal to diagnose infections or, in some cases, more serious diseases such as cancer.
El National Cancer Institute He notes that there are clusters of lymph nodes in key areas of the body. For example, in the neck, armpits and groin there are groups of between 20 and 40 lymph nodes that play critical roles in defending the body.
Lymph nodes and their role in the immune system
Lymph nodes not only filter lymph, but also produce immune cells, such as lymphocytes y plasma cells, which are responsible for fighting infections. When the body detects the presence of an infection, the lymph nodes respond by producing more white blood cells, often resulting in their enlargement or inflammation.
This enlargement or inflammation of the lymph nodes is called lymphadenopathy, and although it is common in many infections, it can also be a sign of more serious diseases, such as certain types of cancer (lymphomas or leukemias).
How infections and cancer spread through lymph nodes
Lymph nodes play a key role in detecting and eliminating pathogens. However, in some cases, cancer cells can take advantage of the lymphatic system to spread. This process, known as metastasis, occurs when cancer cells escape from a primary tumor and travel through the lymph vessels to the lymph nodes.
When doctors suspect that cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, they perform a biopsy to confirm the presence of tumor cells. If cancer cells are found in the nodes, this can influence decisions about the patient's treatment, including the possible need for chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Swollen lymph nodes: common causes
La Swelling of the lymph nodes It is a normal response of the body when fighting an infection. Lymph nodes are most commonly swollen in areas such as the neck, armpits, and groin. This swelling is a sign that white blood cells are fighting off pathogens.
The most common causes include:
- Viral infections, such as the common cold or flu.
- Bacterial infections, such as strep throat or skin infections.
- Dental problems, such as cavities or abscesses.
In these cases, the lymph nodes become enlarged, tender to the touch, and may cause pain. However, in most cases, the swollen nodes disappear when the infection resolves.
Less common infections
In addition to common infections, some rarer diseases can also cause swollen lymph nodes. These include sexually transmitted diseases, such as syphilis, and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis.
Non-infectious problems
Lymph nodes can also become swollen due to autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. These diseases cause the immune system to mistakenly attack healthy tissues in the body, triggering an inflammatory response.
Diagnosis and treatment of lymph node cancer
Cancer in the lymph nodes It may start there (lymphoma) or spread from another part of the body. Doctors perform physical exams, imaging tests, and biopsies to find out if cancer is present in the lymph nodes. If cancer has spread, removing several lymph nodes (lymph node dissection) may be needed.
Risk of lymphedema
After lymph nodes are removed, especially if several are removed, a condition called lymphedemaThis condition occurs when lymphatic drainage is compromised, leading to fluid buildup and chronic swelling in the affected region. Although lymphedema can be effectively treated, it is a complication that must be prevented and managed with the help of an oncology specialist.
When to see a doctor for swollen lymph nodes?
Most of the time, swollen lymph nodes are not a cause for concern, but there are situations in which it is important to seek medical attention. These include:
- Lymph nodes that remain swollen after more than a week.
- Lymph nodes that grow rapidly or are larger than 3 cm in diameter.
- Painless, hard or tender nodes, which may indicate the presence of an abnormal growth.
- Swelling accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, unexplained weight loss, or extreme fatigue.
A doctor may perform additional tests, such as a lymph node biopsy or diagnostic imaging studies, to determine the cause of the swelling and prescribe appropriate treatment.
How to prevent diseases that affect the lymph nodes
The best way to keep your lymph nodes healthy is to take care of your overall health, which includes keeping your immune system strong. Some best practices include:
- Follow a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables and antioxidants.
- Exercise regularly to maintain a strong immune system.
- Avoid contact with people who are sick or have communicable infections to reduce the risk of viral or bacterial infections.
In addition, regular medical checkups can help detect lymph node problems early, in case more serious complications arise.
Lymph nodes are a vital part of the immune system, and while their swelling is often due to minor infections, it can also be a sign of more serious conditions such as cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to changes in the nodes, especially when they are persistent or accompanied by other symptoms. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and being alert to any abnormalities are the key to preventing lymph node-related problems.